1. Good governance is a gender-neutral exercise.
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False. Good governance is not gender-neutral. Any good governance effort should explicitly address gender-based exclusions in governance systems, and address:
- state capability to implement women’s empowerment and gender equality policies,
- responsiveness of government institutions to women’s needs and interests, and
- gender-sensitive accountability mechanisms.
2. How are the concepts of women’s empowerment and gender equality related? Choose one option from the following:
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Gender equality is the destination to the journey that is women’s empowerment. It refers to a state of “equivalence in life outcomes for women and men, recognizing their different needs and interests, and requiring a redistribution of power and resources” (World Bank 2001a, cited in Malhotra, Schuler and Boender 2002). "expansion in (women’s) ability to make strategic life choices in a context where this ability was previously denied to them” (Kabeer 2001). Also, to be empowering, choices should not come with punishingly high costs.
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3. Which of the following does the Domains of Change framework measure? Choose one option from the following:
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Both. The Domains of Change frameworks measures individual and systemic change in gender power relations. At the individual level, it assesses women’s access to material and symbolic resources, and ideological shifts in terms of critical reflection, beliefs and attitudes that women and men hold about gender power relations. At the systemic level, it evaluates institutional recognition of gender equality agenda by legal-policy frameworks, and deep change in social norms of gender.
4. Empowerment is about
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Empowerment is about all of the above. Empowerment is is not only about expanding women’s access to material resources, but equally about creating the conditions for critical self-reflection that can help them unpack the deep structures of gender equality. This process brings women a greater sense of control over their lives, and can also enable women come together with other women to transform gender power in ways that “benefit not only them, but also other women”.
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5. Interventions with a gender neutral design may promote gender-transformative outcomes in some instances.
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Yes. In some cases, even those interventions which are not explicitly focused on women's needs and priorities may manage to overturn given social norms and create positive disruptions in existing gender orders. See Box 2 for more details.
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6. Gender mainstreaming in e-government refers to: (Choose one option from)
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Gender mainstreaming is about the integration of gender perspectives in e-government policy visions and programme design. According to UN Women (2010), gender mainstreaming in governance systems refers to the incorporation of “gender perspectives and attention to the goal of gender equality [in] all activities - policy development, research, advocacy/ dialogue, legislation, resource allocation, and planning, implementation and monitoring of programmes and projects”.
7. An institutional perspective to the design of gender-transformative e-government systems will focus on (Choose one option from):
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An institutional perspective to e-government recognises that its transformative potential is predicated upon the norms, rules and practices that are infused in its key components – e-service delivery, citizen uptake, connectivity architecture.
8. Gender equality concerns can be integrated only when e-service delivery systems have attained a high degree of institutional maturity.
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No. Gender equality concerns can be integrated in e-service delivery systems at any stage. As UNPOG has highlighted,
- Emerging stage: There should be efforts for creating an online presence for the national gender machinery and putting gender policies online.
- Enhanced stage: When e-government proceeds to this stage where applications for schemes and programmes are downloadable, care should be taken to ensure that such applications for initiatives of the ministry of women are available.
- Transactional stage: Individualized services for women should be available.
- Connected stage: There should be one-stop-shop portals for women-directed services as well as integration of such services with generic one-stop-shop portals.
9. Expansion of mobile broadband coverage is the only way to bring women the benefits of connectivity.
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No. It may be true that mobile broadband may be bringing the next generation of Internet users online. However as the ITU (2012) has highlighted: “[A total reliance on mobile broadband] effectively restricts the type and quality of applications and services that users can access over the Internet...while mobile-broadband technology helps to increase coverage and offer mobility, the mobile networks and services currently in place usually only allow limited data access, at lower speeds, which often makes mobile-broadband subscriptions unsuitable for intensive users, such as businesses and institutions. High-speed, reliable broadband access is particularly important for the delivery of vital public services, such as those related to education, health and government.”
10. Institutionalising a strategic commitment to gender equality involves (Choose on of the following options):
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Both. Institutionalising a strategic commitment to gender equality involves incorporating gender perspectives in e-government master plans, digital agenda vision statements, ICT plans and policies, and other strategic vision documents for e-government; as well as clear legal and policy frameworks for gender mainstreaming backed by gender budgeting measures.
Unit 1.2